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導讀:從句本身是一個(gè)完整的句子,因此,從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列、平行。
從功能來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)有三大復合句,即:
?、倜~性從句,包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句;
?、谛稳菰~性從句,即我們平常所說(shuō)的定語(yǔ)從句;
?、蹱钫Z(yǔ)從句。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有自己的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)(過(guò)去分詞除外),也可以跟自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等成分,構成一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結構。由于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句的這些特點(diǎn),使英語(yǔ)句子從理論上講可以無(wú)限延長(cháng)。
英語(yǔ)長(cháng)句的分析方法:去枝葉,留主干。
1)劃出句子中的定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句;
2)劃出所有介詞短語(yǔ)(位于be動(dòng)詞后的除外);
3)名詞性從句看作一個(gè)整體,找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結構、非謂語(yǔ)結構、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導詞;
4)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結構看作一個(gè)整體;
5)找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),即句子的主干;
6)分析從句的結構和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的內部結構。
長(cháng)難句分析的步驟舉例:
經(jīng)典例題(2001年考研完型填空第二段)
In a significant tightening of legalcontrols over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce adraft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and willstrictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before atrial begins.
分析:
第一,劃出定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and willstrictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before atrial begins.
第二,劃出介詞短語(yǔ):In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press
第三,句子的結構分析:
(1)主干結構是主語(yǔ)(Lord Irvine含同位語(yǔ)the Lord Chancellor)+將來(lái)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)(will introduce)+賓語(yǔ)(a draft bill);
(2)that引導的定語(yǔ)從句修飾draft bill,其中,will propose 是第一個(gè)謂語(yǔ),making payments towitnesses illegal是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做賓語(yǔ),在動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)內部,payments towitnesses做making的賓語(yǔ),illegal是賓補;第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)是will strictly control, the amount ofpublicity是它的賓語(yǔ)。that can be given to a case before atrial begins是孕含有一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句(before a trial begins)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾publicity。
請大家按照上述步驟認真分解以下的句子,并把分解后的句子讀熟甚至背過(guò),則基本上可以解決考研長(cháng)難句問(wèn)題。
考研英語(yǔ)十大長(cháng)難句實(shí)例分析:
1. When a new movement in art attains acertain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at,for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it ispossible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
結構分析: 本句是由for連接的兩個(gè)因果關(guān)系的并列句;for前面的部分是表示結果的分句,此句結構是when引導的狀語(yǔ)從句+主句,主句主干結構是... it is advisable to ...,其中,it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式結構;動(dòng)詞不定式結構中又包含一個(gè)what引導的賓語(yǔ)從句,做find out的賓語(yǔ);for后面的部分是表示原因的分句,此句結構是:讓步狀語(yǔ)從句+主句,主句主干結構是... it is possible that... ,it 是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的that從句;
譯文: 當一場(chǎng)新的藝術(shù)運動(dòng)形成某種時(shí)尚時(shí),理應弄清其倡導者的目標所在,因為無(wú)論他們的準則在今天看來(lái)是多么牽強附會(huì )、不可思議,將來(lái)都有可能被視為正常的。
2.The overall result has been to makeentrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result thathas been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first bynational journals in the nineteenth century and then by several localgeological journals in the twentieth century.
結構分析: 本句主干部分是The ... result has been to makeentrance ... harder for amateurs...; 第一個(gè)逗號后面是一個(gè)名詞性短語(yǔ),中心詞是the result,后面是that引導的定語(yǔ)從句;此定語(yǔ)從句中包含兩個(gè)并列狀語(yǔ),其結構為first by ... and then by... ;
譯文: 其總的結果是使業(yè)余人員的論文進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使論文發(fā)表的難度進(jìn)一步加大,這一制度開(kāi)始是在19世紀的全國性雜志出現的,進(jìn)入20世紀后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。
3.Sad to say, this project has turnedout to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling andgrammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about whatin the world those readers really want.
結構分析: 本句主干結構是... this project has turned out tobe ... findings ...; findings前面的mostly low-level是findings的修飾成分,后面的about ... 介詞結構是賓語(yǔ)findings的賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ);逗號后面的過(guò)去分詞結構combined是狀語(yǔ)成分,表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作;
譯文: 遺憾的是,這次調查的結果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現,諸如新聞報道中的事實(shí)錯誤、拼寫(xiě)或語(yǔ)法錯誤,以及特別令人費解的困惑:讀者到底想讀些什么。
4.A lateral move that hurt my pride andblocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively highprofile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, Icovered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with myfamily."
結構分析: 本句句子主干是A lateral move ... prompted me to...; move后面是that引導的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾alateral move, that在從句做主語(yǔ);第一個(gè)逗號后面的是狀語(yǔ)成分,兩個(gè)逗號之間的部分是插入語(yǔ);
譯文: 一次平級的人事調動(dòng)傷了我的自尊心,并阻礙了我的事業(yè)發(fā)展,這促使我放棄自己地位較高的職業(yè),當然,就像顏面掃盡的ZF部長(cháng)那樣,我也掩飾說(shuō)“我想多陪陪家人”.
5.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelseywill after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after abuild-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling yourlife" , and making the alternative move into "downshifting"brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
結構分析: 本句主干結構是I have discovered ... + that引導的賓語(yǔ)從句;as引導的句子是伴隨狀語(yǔ),可以看作是插入語(yǔ);在that引導的賓語(yǔ)從句中,主語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ):abandoning ... andmaking ...,謂語(yǔ)是brings;
譯文: 我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(由于壓力過(guò)大,凱爾茜已多次公開(kāi)宣稱(chēng)要辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務(wù),在這之后她也許會(huì )同樣發(fā)現):放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學(xué),轉而過(guò)一種“放慢生活節奏”的生活所帶來(lái)的回報,比經(jīng)濟成功和社會(huì )地位更有價(jià)值。
6.Despite a spell of initial optimismin the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits andmicroprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if notcenturies.
結構分析: 本句主干結構為researchers ... have began toextend that forecast...;逗號前面為狀語(yǔ)成分,包含一個(gè)when引導的定語(yǔ)從句,其中it是形式主語(yǔ),appear后面是that引導的是主語(yǔ)從句;
譯文: 雖然一開(kāi)始在20世紀60年代和70年代有過(guò)一段樂(lè )觀(guān)的時(shí)期--那時(shí)候仿佛晶體管電路和微處理器的發(fā)展將使它們在2010年能夠模仿人類(lèi)大腦的活動(dòng)--但是最近研究人員已經(jīng)開(kāi)始將這個(gè)預測延后數十年,甚至數百年。
7. Although it ruled that there is noconstitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supportedthe medical principle of "double effect" , a centuries-old moralprinciple holding that an action having two effects - a good one that isintended and a harmful one that is foreseen - is permissible if the actorintends only the good effect.
結構分析:句子主干是:... the Court ... supported the medical principle of "doubleeffect" ... ; although引導的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,其中包含一個(gè)that引導的賓語(yǔ)從句,作ruled的賓語(yǔ);a centuries-old moral principle是the medical principle的同位語(yǔ),其中包含一個(gè)現在分詞holding及其賓語(yǔ)從句現在分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ);賓語(yǔ)從句中,主干部分是:an action ... is permissible...,其中having是現在分詞作定語(yǔ),修飾an action;兩個(gè)破折號之間是對two effects的解釋說(shuō)明;賓語(yǔ)從句中還包含一個(gè)if引導的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;
譯文:盡管裁決認為,憲法沒(méi)有賦予醫生幫助病人自殺的權利,然而最高法庭實(shí)際上卻認可了醫療界的“雙效”原則,這個(gè)存在了好幾個(gè)世紀的道德原則認為,如果某種行為具有雙重效果(希望達到的好效果和可以預見(jiàn)得到的壞效果),那么,只要行為實(shí)施只是想達到好的效果,這個(gè)行為就是可以允許的。
8. For example, a grandmotherly womanstaffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing abrochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or istested in animals - no meat, no fur, no medicines.
結構分析:句子主干是:... a ... woman ... was distributing a brochure ... ; woman后面的現在分詞短語(yǔ)staffing an animal rights booth是woman的后置定語(yǔ);brochure后面的that引導定語(yǔ)從句; anything后面的that引導定語(yǔ)從句;
譯文:例如,在近期的一次集市上,一位老奶奶站在動(dòng)物權利宣傳點(diǎn)前散發(fā)小冊子,規勸人們不要使用動(dòng)物制品和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗制品--肉類(lèi),毛皮,藥物。
9. Finally, because the ultimatestakeholders are patients, the health research community should activelyrecruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but allwho receive medical treatment.
結構分析:句子主干結構是:... the health research community should ... recruit to its causenot only ... but ... ; because引導的原因狀語(yǔ)從句;Stephen Cooper后面是一個(gè)who引導的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;最后一個(gè)who引導定語(yǔ)從句修飾all;
譯文:最后,因為最終決定因素是病人,醫療研究機構不僅應該積極爭取像史蒂芬·庫博這樣的名人的支持--他對動(dòng)物實(shí)驗的價(jià)值勇敢地進(jìn)行了肯定--而且應該爭取所有接受治療的病人的支持。
10. Shielded by third-party payers fromthe cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even if it's useless.
結構分析:句子主干為:... we demand everything ... ; 第一個(gè)逗號前為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)shielded引導的狀語(yǔ)成分,第二個(gè)逗號后面是even if引導的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;everything后面是that引導的定語(yǔ)從句,that在從句中作主語(yǔ);
譯文:由于醫療費用由第三方支付,我們常常要求用盡所有的醫療手段,即使它們不會(huì )有任何作用。